ABSTRACT
Background: The Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is considered as a valuable and distinguished diagnostic test in the initial assessment of the patients presenting with a mass in the head and neck region or when a recurrence is suspected after previous treatment. Aims: This study was therefore designed to elucidate the efficacy of FNAC as an alternate diagnostic tool to histopathology in head and neck swellings and evaluation of staining efficacy of PAP and MGG stain over Haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) in routine cytopathological smears. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, where FNAC samples were collected from 150 patients with head and neck swellings. Materials and Methods: All the slides were stained with H and E, Papanicolaou (PAP), and May Grunewald Giemsa (MGG) stains. The cytopathological diagnosis was compared with histopathological diagnosis based on H and E stained sections obtained from paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed biopsy specimen of benign and malignant neoplasms. Statistical Analysis Used: The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19. Differences between the variables were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square test and Kruskal–Wallis test wherever applicable. Results: The FNAC as a diagnostic tool has sensitivity of 84.8%, 72.72%, and 78.78%, specificity of 62.5%, 75%, and 75%, and accuracy of 80.48%, 73.14%, and 78.04% in H and E, MGG, and PAP stain, respectively. PAP stain was the most efficient stain when all qualitative parameters are taken into consideration with maximum sensitivity and specificity for achieving definitive cytodiagnosis. Conclusions: The FNAC is an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to diagnose different types of head and neck swellings and complement histopathological diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
Background: Identification and differentiation of stromal hard tissue components is a challenging task. Numerous methods of demonstrating these components have been worked upon in the past. Although some of the methods have been successful, there are many drawbacks of employing them. The need of the hour, therefore is to develop and use a simple, rapid and cost-effective method of identifying stromal hard tissues as they may signify an important change in the diagnosis of the pathology. Our aim is therefore to observe the usability of tetrachromic VOF stain over Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's Trichrome in routinely encountered head and neck pathologies. Materials and Method: Routine cases such as Central and peripheral ossifying fibromas, osteomas, giant cell granulomas, osteomyelitis and malignancies like osteosarcomas were retrieved from the department archives and 3 sections from each block were prepared to stain with H and E, Masson's trichrome and modified tetrachromic VOF stains respectively using standard staining protocol. Results: Tetrachromic VOF takes an upper hand in stromal hard tissue differentiation irrespective of the pathology. Conclusion: Modified tetrachromic VOF is simple, cost-effective method and can be employed for diagnosis of cases with hard tissue differentiation within the stroma on routine basis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The B cell lymphoma‑2 gene is a proto‑oncogene whose protein product inhibits apoptosis. Its role is associated with keeping cells alive, but not by stimulating them to proliferation, as other proto‑oncogenes do. Increased expression of protein product of Bcl‑2 gene appears in the early phase of carcinogenesis leading to apoptosis impairment and in consequence to the progression of neoplastic changes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the expression of Bcl‑2 protein in oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty cases of formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded archival specimens comprising of 30 cases of leukoplakia with oral epithelial dysplasia and 30 cases of OSCC were taken for immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against anti‑human Bcl‑2 oncoprotein. RESULTS: Immunostaining for Bcl‑2 protein was identified in basal and parabasal layers as granular cytoplasmic staining in oral epithelial dysplasia. In OSCC, Bcl‑2 immunoreactivity was most prominent in the peripheral cells of the infiltrating tumor islands which diminished toward the center in well‑differentiated and moderately differentiated OSCC, whereas stronger and more diffuse expression of Bcl‑2 oncoprotein was seen in poorly differentiated OSCC. Overall positivity of 26.7% (8/30) was observed in oral epithelial dysplasia and 30% (9/30) in OSCC in this study. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Altered expression of Bcl‑2 oncoprotein may be an early molecular event which leads to prolonged cell survival, increased chances of accumulation of genetic alterations, and subsequent increase in malignant transformation potential.
ABSTRACT
This paper reports the successful pregnancy in rats with only 10-20% of ovarian tissue. Sprague-Dawley female rats of breeding age were divided into five groups: group 1 (completely ovariectomized), the ovaries from both the sides of the rats were removed completely; group 2 (partially ovariectomized, 80-90% of the ovary of each side was removed leaving the remaining tissue in place; group 3 (ovariectomized with flank transplant), the ovary of each side was removed from the ovarian stalk and inserted into a subcutaneous pocket made surgically in the flank on the respective side of the same rat; group 4 (partially ovariectomized with flank transplants), 80-90% of the ovarian mass was removed from the ovarian stalk and put back in the flank position in the subcutaneous pocket on the same side; group 5 (control), rats with intact ovaries. Estrous cyclicity, mating behavior and pregnancy rate were recorded in the animals. Percent rats cycled were 0.00, 80.00, 80.00, 70.00 and 100 in groups 1-5 respectively; percent cycled rats mated were 86.27, 100, 71.42 and 100 in groups 2-5 respectively; and percent mated rats reaching successful pregnancy were 36.36, 0.00, 100 and 100 in groups 2-5 respectively. Pregnancy rate in the mated rats in group 2 was lower than that of groups 4 (P < 0.01) and 5 (P < 0.01), whereas, it did not differ among groups 4 and 5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)